Acid-base disorders are frequent in emergency and critical care, but many patients present with more than one imbalance at once. Clinicians rely on structured methods like anion gap correction and ...

Internal acid–base homeostasis is fundamental for maintaining life. Accurate and timely interpretation of an acid–base disorder can be lifesaving, but the establishment of a correct diagnosis may be ...

Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in medicine. Their use, however, is often limited by associated renal toxic effects. The most common manifestation of these toxic effects is ...

The kidneys are responsible for maintaining the balance of acids, bases, fluids and electrolytes in the body, avoiding significant fluctuations that can lead to life-threatening conditions. Acid, base ...

The acid-base composition of plasma during hypocapneic anesthesia in man has been used to construct a 95 per cent significance band defining the acute steady-state response to reduced carbon dioxide ...