Lexical richness (LR) is widely recognized as a key indicator of proficiency among learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). With the rise of numerous software tools capable of automatically ...

Efficient reading is essential for societal participation, so reading proficiency is a central educational goal. Here, we use an individualized diagnostics and training framework to investigate ...

Twenty years after the publication of Michael Lewis's seminal book The Lexical approach: The state of ELT and a way forward, the bold prophecy of the title remains unfulfilled. A quick glance at any ...

Lexical simplification (LS) aims to simplify a sentence by replacing complex words with simpler words without changing the meaning of the sentence，which can facilitate comprehension of the text for ...