A fiber cable is made of five elements: core, cladding, buffer, strengthening fibers and a jacket. The core is the actual optical fiber and is surrounded by cladding that keeps the light inside. These ...

Fiber-optic services are becoming more popular, and networks are expanding to cover more areas for faster data transfer speeds.

In the past decade, LSA has published hundreds of outstanding researches covering the fundamentals and applications in all areas of optics and photonics.